Richard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" (Wright, 78).
Explain the impact of Wright's insertion of the formatted "talk of the black boy" in Chapter Three. What effect does this strategy have on the reader and their understanding of racial dynamics? (site information from the text)
Rachel T. 1A
ReplyDeleteDuring the process of writing about his childhood Richard Wright says "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" ((pg 78).` Stating that their opinions of white people were not thought through but sprang forth out of their mouths when the black boys of the neighborhood got together.
On page 79 the author uses formatted talk, as if listening to the black children in the school yard. "'Man, them white folks oughta catch you and send you to the zoo and keep you for the next war!' Throwing the subject into a wider field.
'Then when that fighting starts, they oughta feed you on buttermilke and black-eyed peas and let you break wind!''.
By using this style of formatted speech the author not only shows the point of view of the children that Richard knew, but the way other children of similar backgrounds saw things too, because of the fact there are no pronouns or names given to the characters that are speaking.
The author shows the attitude of the children of Richard's background. They tried to keep a casual attitude about the prejudice against them. For instance, in the quote above, the children casually mention the civil war as a joke.
April H 1A
ReplyDeleteWhen writing about his childhood, Richard Wright says "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" (pg 78). This basically means that when they talked about white people they really did not think about what they were saying. it just came out and had no true meaning. did the white people know that it meant nothing? No.
On pages 79-81 while they are talking about.... well everything Wright uses slangs and phrases like "Hell, I woulda just killed her if she hada sadi that to me." Words like "woulda" and "hada" are to be concidered to be "Talk of the Black Boy".
I agree with everything that Rachel had to say.
Michelle R 1A
ReplyDeleteWhen Richard Wright writes of his childhood in "Black Boy" he speaks of how him and his friends would hangout and talk about white people and children. He uses imagery to create the scene for you and to explain how him and his friends are feeling. They also speak of how they hope things will change and the whites wil stop their racisim. For example on page 80 one of his friends say,"Man you reckon them white folks ever gonna change?" Timid, questioning hope.
Another aspect such as April mentioned is the boys phrases and slang are considered to be talk of the black boy.
Hsienchi D. 1/A
ReplyDeleteRichard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" (Wright, 78).
Wright's insertion of the formatted "talk of the black boy" in Chapter Three, can effect the reader and their understanding of racial dynamics because just like April said, when they talked about white people they really did not think about what they were saying. It just came out and had no true meaning and this can effect a reader's understanding towards racial dynamics because racial dynamics should be taken seriously.
"The talk of the black boy" are considered to be the phrases and slang that the boys used. Agreeing with Rachel, the black boys made jokes towards war and white people.
On page 78, Richard stated "'We spoke boastfully in bass voices; we used the word "nigger" to prove the tough fiber of our feelings.." I believe that readers can conclude that even though the black boys did not know enough information about the racial issues, they did pretended to know about it by pretending that they're tough and conversating to each other by making jokes about the white people.
Larry L. 5B
ReplyDeleteIn chapter 3 of The Black Boy Richard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads". This insertion of the formatted "talk of black boys" explains to the reader the misunderstanding of the young black community and helps the reader to understand that the black boys seemed to know hatred toward white people was common but they did not truly think about why or how much so. Therefore I agree with April when she says "This basically means that when they talked about white people they really did not think about what they were saying." On pages 79 to 82, the format Richard uses describes the way they (black boys) talked to one another as quite like the plot of a story. I believe Rachel said it right when she stated "By using this style of formatted speech the author not only shows the point of view of the children that Richard knew, but the way other children of similar backgrounds saw things too". Thus the story like speech gave the feeling of greater significance in each sentence and made the reader think that was all it was to them just stories they told each other. On page 79, one of the boys says "Man them white folks oughta catch you and send you to the zoo and keep you for the next war!" letting the reader understand the background knowledge of the boys, that they knew whites had power. On page 81 Richard states they're "attitudes were made, defined,set or corrected; our ideas were discovered, discarded, enlarged, torn apart, and accepted." Which illustrates that the background information learned about whites and the world around them was based off of other peoples ideas, ideas and not facts, allowing the reader to understand their naivety.
MasseyM 5thB
ReplyDeleteWithin chapter three, Richard Wright wrote of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads". The "talk of the black boy" effects the reader and their understanding of racial dynamics because when the boys talked they had no true perception of what they were saying, how grave racial dynamics truly was. From page 79 to 81, the boys have a causal conversation about white folk and they speak as though they know exactly what they are talking about but they really don't, they are simply speaking on instinct rather than thinking about what they are saying. Hsienchi pointed this out, stating "I believe that readers can conclude that even though the black boys did not know enough information about the racial issues, they did pretended to know about it by pretending that they're tough and conversating to each other by making jokes about the white people." I agree with what she has said, the boys did pretend to know what they were talking about, even making jokes about the civil war. The "talk of the black boy" is made up of the slang used. Examples are seen on page 79, where slang such as "oughta" and gonna" appear. The reader can understand the boy's better because of this insight into their world and how the boy's keep it together despite the unfavorable opinions against them.
Logan Richards 4A
ReplyDeleteAs Richard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads".
Richard Wrights formatted black talk is profound in its impact because as the boys are speaking in their own slang, Richard is in a way 'analyzing their true thoughts, such as when he quotes one of the boys with "I had cabbage and potatoes", but then adds his own analysis with 'confidently' (pg. 79). This impacts the reader in that they get a feel for how Richard understands the black boys as it may mean that Richard understands what they mean in that he may feel similarly when he speaks.
Inversely, this situation relates to the quote in that listening to the talk of the black boys and learning to understand their thoughts and emotions may have influenced Richards feeling towards white people even though he has been around very few up to that point.
The impact of Wright's insertion of the formatted "talk of the black boy" in Chapter Three and his effect on writing is numerous. He uses medical terms and he uses logos. In chapter three when him and those neighborhood boys,which represented all the boys back at that time, went from slang and his transitions where in a medical term. He showed a formatted speech that is in a psychologist point of view.
ReplyDeleteIt made the reader understand the racial dynamics because of the slang and about how he viewed the "white folks" and how they fought one another. The reader can tell that it is before the integration and before people treated everyone equal too. It set the setting of the story for the reader. Also it showed the dynamics in other ways too. For instant, he talked about the disputes between the Caucasians and African Americans and how they would throw things back and forth. While the reader examines the book they can feel sympathy towards Richard. His writing is so confound that you can picture and feel everything the writer is feeling and doing. His writing effect the views of racialism back in that time and showed the reader what it was like. It was like he took a time machine and transported us back to the time where he was humiliated and beaten. His writing really effects the reader because of how realistic and his form of writing.
Kayla Young
ReplyDelete5b
The quote, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility i held toward them, what degrees of value and honor i assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of the black boys who met at the crossroads.", is just Wright stating how these boys and he spent their time when they got around each other. The insertion of what every statement mean and how its expressed aids the reader in how the conversation between these young boys flows. For instance, when one boy jokes about another boy having gas soon (92 in my book), its exemplified as the climax of the conversation. This kids are just speaking in a language where they can understand each other and could not be allowed to be heard around adults or white people. All these insertions put a fair impact on the reader's knowledge after reading this chapter. While reading all of this conversation, you recognize all the slang like, "oughta" and "gonna" that's still used today that's used in escaping the formal talk that is important. These boys also have confidence that isn't shown when they're around white people when they speak of them. This let's you know that these boys are just being themselves. All this leaves the effect on the reader and the effect is knowing these boys have a strength in whatever they can speak on, they just know when to say it. Also that its all just "innocence" of these kids' childhood which means, they'll remember having this conversation or that this was all just a foolish time in their life.
The quote "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility i held toward them, what degrees of value and honor i assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of the black boys who met at the crossroads.", should have plenty of affects on the reader. When Wright uses the words "Talk of the black boy", i believe it is his way of splitting up the white and black people. I agree with april when she says that when the black boys speak of white people their words don't really have any meaning behind them. I also agree with kayla when she says, that the kids are speaking in a way that they can understand without getting in trouble with the adults.
ReplyDeleteTylar Ball 5B
ReplyDeletethe quote above is mine!!!
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ReplyDeleteVanessa Sithideth
ReplyDeletePeriod 4A
I somewhat agree and disagree with Rachel Tyus but I completely disagree with April Harden. When Richard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads"... I agree with Rachel when she says how the speaking of the children were very casual and were said in a joking manner. However I disagree when she says, "their opinions of white people were not thought through but sprang forth out of their mouths when the black boys of the neighborhood got together." I believe their opinions on "white" people were affected by the adults and what they were saying leading to the childrens opinions on "white" people and what they have to say about them. They speak about what they hear and the racism of the adults spread on to the children. The strategy being used of the way the children speaks shows how they try to sound grown with the way they are speaking, like they are adults having a conversation about the subject of the war and white people.
Alex R. 4/A
ReplyDeleteWright’s insertion of the formatted “Talk of the black boy” let us know how young black children interacted with each other and how they felt on certain situations happening at the time. The children seemed to be casual with each other talking about things such as food like when one of the boys says “I had buttermilk and black eyed-peas”. But sometimes they seem nervous to talk to each saying things timidly or uneasily. Also it shows that they are familiar enough with each other to say things such as “you’re going to smell up this air in a minute”. The insertions also show that the young black boys felt that white people didn’t like black people. They say things such as “Man, them white folks oughta catch you and send you to the zoo and keep you for the next war!” That shows the dividing line between white people and black people that the boys felt. Then there was also hostility the boy sensed between white people and black people saying things like “Them white people scared of us though” that shows the boys thought of white people as an enemy.
Sarah K
ReplyDeletea/4
The impact of Wright's insertion of the formatted "talk of the black boy" in Chapter Three and his effect on writing is numerous. He uses medical terms and he uses logos. In chapter three when him and those neighborhood boys,which represented all the boys back at that time, went from slang and his transitions where in a medical term. He showed a formatted speech that is in a psychologist point of view.
It made the reader understand the racial dynamics because of the slang and about how he viewed the "white folks" and how they fought one another. The reader can tell that it is before the integration and before people treated everyone equal too. It set the setting of the story for the reader. Also it showed the dynamics in other ways too. For instant, he talked about the disputes between the Caucasians and African Americans and how they would throw things back and forth. While the reader examines the book they can feel sympathy towards Richard. His writing is so confound that you can picture and feel everything the writer is feeling and doing. His writing effect the views of racialism back in that time and showed the reader what it was like. It was like he took a time machine and transported us back to the time where he was humiliated and beaten. His writing really effects the reader because of how realistic and his form of writing.
October 3, 2011 6:25 PM
p,s i forgot to put my name on the first sck1994 sorry :(((
Jasmine Price 5B
ReplyDelete"The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" (Wright, 78). In this quote from the novel, the insertion of "talk of black boys" points out to the readers that black boys, or blacks in general, differ from other people, emphasizing that black boys are the specific group. This helps the reader understand that during this time in American history, races differed from each other and that people could be very cruel toward each other.
The quote "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" affect me as a reader because it shows that as Richard was growing up and started affiliating with older boys he needed to gain their acceptance. By trying to gain their acceptance he also attached himself to the point of view of these older boys on how they viewed race.
ReplyDeleteMoreover on Page 79 to 82 Richard includes a dialogue that he and the older boys have, in which the word “nigger” is stated frequently, and most of the time when the word is used, it is to make fun of someone or to bring the black race down, for instance “Nigger Your Mind is in a ditch” or Niggers smell from sweat. But white folks smell all the time” to me these two phrases indicate that the boys believed that the African American race were dumb and that the only smell that a black person can have is the smell of sweat form hard work.
Richard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" (Wright, 78).
ReplyDeleteWright makes this assertion very clear on what he was going to talk and elaborate on. In the pages 79-81 wright is around a lot of black kids that shows there true colors. For instance one boy stated "yeah man. I done really fed my face." casually. Wright proclaimed that what the boy said was "CASUALLY". if anyone like our president or the principle was to hear the boy talking this way they would not consider that as casual or anything near it. It would be more as not so intelligent or ignorant. this makes the reader think that because of the color that wright is and his background he can understand ones who speak in such manner.
Mikaela Jacob 5B
ReplyDeleteRichard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads." He wrote this to say that he didn;t understand where his hatred of whites came from. He never had actually seen a white person hurt a black person but hated the stories he had heard. Richard and his friends didn't really know what they were talking about when they spoke about whites. No one ever sat down and explained they difference between whites and blacks to Richard or his friends. I agree with April when she says "This basically means that when they talked about white people they really did not think about what they were saying." I also agree with Rachel when she stated "By using this style of formatted speech the author not only shows the point of view of the children that Richard knew, but the way other children of similar backgrounds saw things too". Richard and his friends were unaware of how things really happened.
Shelby D. 4A
ReplyDeleteOn pg 78, Richard Wright says, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads". Wright's insertion of the formatted "talk of the black boy" in Chapter Three shows us how young "black" boys used to speak in that time zone. The slurs they used back then seem to have been acceptable as opposed to what would have happened if they spoke like that nowadays. They speak with such disrespect about the "white" people because of the way they see the world and the influences around them. When they hear an adult speak that way, it gives them the okay that they as well can speak like that. The fact that the discussion is casual lets you know that the children seem to feel as though they think they know what they are talking about. To make them look even more mature, they add in jokes about the Civil War. This gives them a sense of intelligence, making them feel important and that they have some empowerment over "white" people.
Devyn G 5B
ReplyDeleteRichard Wright said "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" This insertion tells the reader about his discomfort around whites and how he felt towards them. The formatted talk in the “Black boy” shows the reader how black kids talked and thought about how the whites would treat them or treated them. On page 79 he author writes “Man, them white folks oughta catch you and send you to the zoo and keep you for the next war!” this quote from the black kids shows to the reader how they thought that they would be treated by whites if hey were to do something wrong. I agree with April when she says "This basically means that when they talked about white people they really did not think about what they were saying."; I also agree with what Massey “the boys have a causal conversation about white folk and they speak as though they know exactly what they are talking about but they really don't, they are simply speaking on instinct rather than thinking about what they are saying.” I agree with this because most of the kids were saying this because they heard their guardians talk of white people but they may have taken what they said and took it out context and started talking about it freely like I was nothing but average lingo.
Ashley Smith 1A
ReplyDeleteWhen Wright inserted the "talk of the black boys" in chapter 3 it helps the reader understand the racial dynamics because like April and Hsienci said they did not put true meaning behind what they were saying. they did not think before they said anything. I believe that the talk of the black boys are the phrases and slang used through out this chapter, and through out the entire novel. on page 80 on of his friends says "man you reckon them white folks ever gonna change?" and then on page 81 he says "hell, naw! if a building swayed and rocked in the wind, hell, it'd fall! any fool knows that! don't let people maka fool outta you, telling you them things!" i believe the slang used in these quotes are examples of the "talk of the black boys" wright intended for the readers to see.
4A
ReplyDeleteWright's insertion of the formatted "talk of the black boy" is a strategy that affects the reader and their understanding of racial dynamics by showing that most of the hostility between black and whites was passed down and grew stronger with each generation. He says that this hostility was not premeditated, meaning they weren't born that way but that this hostility grew from the influence of their parents, peers and the conversations they would have. In this I agree with Vanessa "They speak about what they hear and the racism of the adults spread on to the children." Because of this the children, wanting to be grown ups, bring the topic up with their friends and that although the topic is serious and frightening they continue to talk lightly and jokingly about it.
Clayton Cason 4A
ReplyDeletehe states just in the sentence before this quote that agreeing and following the sentiments of the group he wanted to feel apart of, was his "touchstone of fraternity" meaning his test he must pass to enter the "Brotherhood" of the older kids. he used this certain concept of formation of literary to help explain what the talks of the neighborhood kids underlying message was. it was to those who have never felt or touched into the situation he is placed in and the background and life he lives. using short spurt of describing words to essentially summarize the daily and usual talk of Black schoolboys into its deeper and storied meaning. it helps understand the poor treatment of blacks at this time ironically past the "Meanness" and "Beatings" and through opportunities and chances of African Americans during this period.
Zoe K. 5B
ReplyDelete“Talk of the black boy,” is a phrase meant to create a vicious irony. It’s phrases like “talk of the black boy,” that fuel Richard’s anger in the first place. Based on Wright’s way of recounting this point in time, it’s made obvious that Richard and his friend are not entirely sure what they angry about, or at least how to release their anger.
Wright’s descriptions of the conversations the boys had, including some of their spoken diction, for example, illustrate further that these boys were misguided in their views. An example of their misguidedness stems from their use of a word that at that time was used as an insult. On page 78, Richard recalls, “we used the word ‘nigger’ to prove the tough fiber of our feelings.” This goes back to the idea that these boys did not know how to appropriately express their anger. The phrase “tough fiber of our feelings” is meant to be sarcastic. Wright knows that his way of conducting conversation with his mates was rather foolish, that using the word “nigger” was not tough, only ignorant.
This point furthers into the insults that Richard’s friends throw at each other, such as when one of the boys, jokingly, says, “them white folks oughta catch you and send you to the zoo..” (page 79).
I agree with Vanessa that Richard and his friends are mimicking adult behavior, though they are emulating it in the wrong way. I also agree with Sarah that Wright’s writing is so effective because of its realism. Wright is in no way hiding his behavior, though he realizes it is foolish.
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ReplyDeleteAaron B. 4a
ReplyDeleteIn the third chapter of "Black Boy" by Richard Wright he writes of his childhood. "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" Wrights use of the formatted "talk of the black boy" was used to impact us by it helping us to understand to fit with the older kids you had to follow them and not be different. Like Clayton stated ""touchstone of fraternity" meaning his test he must pass to enter the "Brotherhood" of the older kids". Also Wright used the formatted talk to impact us as readers by letting us know that the hate really wasn't their own it was the ideas of another person that they wanted to fit in with so they agreed then it spread from person to person each one knowing less and less why they dislike white people they just know that they are supposed to hate white people so instead of being different or questioning why they should they just go along with it. Just like Larry stated " the young black community and helps the reader to understand that the black boys seemed to know hatred toward white people was common but they did not truly think about why or how much so."
"The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" Richard Wright makes this statement in the third chapter to describe the fellowship the kids had with each other. Richard unaware but willingly submits to the ideals of the generally accepted menatality towards the "white man" as illustrated in the latter part of the statement. Thoughout pages 79-81 Richard uses formatted dialogue to give the reader a front-row seat point of view concerning the event. I agree with Logan that Richard is in fact analyzing their true thoughts adding his own interpretation of their expressions and tones. For example on page 80 a boy states "Hell, I woulda just killed her if she hada said that to me. An angry grunt of supreme racial assertion." Richard's use of this tactic gives readers insight on how African American's consoled, related, and affiliated with each other while making ridicule of the "white man".
ReplyDeleteJonah R. 1A
ReplyDeleteI believe Wright uses this "talk of the black boy" to show the reader where their racism came about. I agree with Rachel when she says how to author uses "formatted text" as in the way way the black kids spoke to each other. This gives the reader an idea of the setting and mood of the story. Although these 'black boys' had no idea why they had a hate towards white people, it is something they all had in common and something they dwelled on and could relate to each other. I agree with Deon when he says it describes their fellowship because it shows the bonds they had and mutual feelings toward white people.
**my last blog post for mrs. berrien ever :'(**
In the novel "Black Boy",the author uses the quote "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads" to give the reader an idea of how his fellow black peers felt towards white people and the way in which they communicated with eachother about their views on the behavior of the white people that they encountered or witnessed.
ReplyDeleteOn this same page, the author begins to give the reader insight on the conversations held by the young black boys who met at the crossroads. He describes the language they used in order to make themselves appear more mature and knowledgeable to the others. For example, the author states "We spouted excessive profanity as a sign of our coming manhood; we pretended callousness toward the injunctions of our parents; and we strove to convince one another that our decisions stemmed from ourselves and ourselves alone." In saying this, he shows the reader what the atmosphere was like at the crossroads during their conversations and the image that the young black boys strived to attain through their efforts of mature language and adult vocabulary. They longed to have the others believe that they were indepedent enough to think on their own and no longer needed guidance from their parents.
This has a great impact on the reader in the way that it leaves a lasting impression of the degree of the hostility that the black population held towards white people, even at such a young age. They were raised hearing stories from parents and neighbors of the dangerous and racist acts of white people so black children were raised to have a specific opinion, even though they attempt to appear independent.
christian B.
ReplyDelete1a
Richard Wright writes of his childhood, "The touchstone of fraternity was my feeling toward white people, how much hostility I held towards them, what degrees of value and honor I assigned to race. None of this was premeditated, but sprang spontaneously out of talk of black boys who met at the crossroads"
This quote tells that Richard first found unity with a group through the common hate that the black boys had for whites. The boy’s comments weren’t premeditated but they came out with easy because it’s what they really felt. Richard writes the about a joke told by a neighborhood boy that says "'Man, them white folks oughta catch you and send you to the zoo and keep you for the next war!' Throwing the subject into a wider field.' Then when that fighting starts, they oughta feed you on buttermilk and black-eyed peas and let you break wind!'' on Page (79). This formatted speech impacts the readers thought by implying that the black boys could use humor as a defense mechanism to shield how they truly feel about the war and the white people. Buy saying this I would have to say I agree with Rachel Tyus and Hsienchi when the say that the black boys made jokes about the white men and the war.
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